Upadłość konsumencka – przesłanki i konsekwencje

Upadłość konsumencka – przesłanki i konsekwencje

Przesłanki ogłoszenia upadłości konsumenckiej

Podstawową przesłanką ogłoszenia upadłości konsumenckiej jest niewypłacalność dłużnika. Ale co w praktyce oznacza „niewypłacalność”? O niewypłacalności mówimy wówczas, kiedy dłużnik utracił zdolność do wykonywania swoich wymagalnych zobowiązań pieniężnych. Domniemywa się, że dłużnik utracił zdolność do wykonywania swoich wymagalnych zobowiązań pieniężnych, jeżeli opóźnienie w wykonaniu zobowiązań przekracza trzy miesiące. Nieistotny jest fakt czy sami doprowadziliśmy do niewypłacalności czy stan ten jest  niezależnych od nas. Niewypłacalność odgrywa tutaj bardzo ważną rolę, ponieważ wobec wypłacalnej osoby fizycznej nie można wszcząć postępowania oddłużeniowego, gdyż świadczyłoby to o bezpodstawnym poszkodowaniu wierzyciela i stronniczości w stosunku do dłużnika. Wobec tego niewypłacalność i opóźnienie w płatności w terminie 3 miesięcy mogą skutkować wydaniem przez sąd postanowienia o ogłoszeniu upadłości konsumenckiej ze skutkiem pozytywnym.

Zdarzają się wyjątkowe sytuacje, w których Sąd ogłasza upadłość pomimo, że nie minęły 3 miesiące. Oczywiście wszystko zależy od konkretnego przypadku i konkretnego stanu faktycznego. Jeżeli jednak we wniosku w sposób odpowiedni wykaże się, że dłużnik podjął wszelkie czynności mające na celu spłatę zadłużenia oraz wykaże się brak dalszej możliwości zapłaty kolejnych zobowiązań, to istnieje szansa na uzyskanie pozytywnego orzeczenia.

To od kiedy mówimy o upadłości?

Ogłoszenie upadłości konsumenckiej następuje z chwilą wydania przez sąd postanowienia o ogłoszeniu upadłości osoby fizycznej nieprowadzącej działalności gospodarczej. Na tym etapie dobiega końca postępowanie w przedmiocie ogłoszenia upadłości konsumenckiej. Od tego momentu dłużnik staje się upadłym.

O fakcie ogłoszenia upadłości, wskutek zarządzenia sądu, powiadamia się właściwą izbę administracji skarbowej oraz właściwy oddział Zakładu Ubezpieczeń Społecznych lub Kasy Rolniczego Ubezpieczenia Społecznego.              

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Konsekwencje ogłoszenia upadłości konsumenckiej

Po ogłoszeniu upadłości sąd wyznacza syndyka.  Od tej chwili majątkiem upadłego zarządza syndyk. Od tego momentu rozpoczyna się „właściwe” postępowanie upadłościowe.

Możliwe są dwie drogi oddłużenia:

• W sytuacji, gdy konsument posiada majątek – ustalana jest lista wierzytelności, majątek upadłego zostaje likwidowany, tzn. podlega on sprzedaży. Po tym ustalany i wykonywany jest plan spłaty długów. Spłata długów może być rozłożona na okres do 3 lat (jeżeli dłużnik nie zawinił
  w swojej niewypłacalności) lub od 3 do 7 lat (jeżeli dłużnik zawinił).
  W konsekwencji następuje oddłużenie upadłego.
• Jeżeli konsument nie posiada majątku to również ustalana jest lista wierzytelności i następuje umorzenie zobowiązań dłużnika tzw. oddłużenie. Umorzenie długu może być częściowe lub całkowite w zależności od sytuacji finansowej i życiowej w jakiej znajduje się dłużnik.

WAŻNE!

• Ogłoszenie upadłości jednego z małżonków powoduje z mocy prawa powstanie między nimi rozdzielności majątkowej małżeńskiej, a ich wspólny majątek wchodzi do masy upadłościowej.
• Informacja o ogłoszeniu upadłości zostaje zamieszczona na okres 10 lat w rejestrze Biura Informacji Kredytowej.
• W lipcu 2021 r. zostanie wprowadzony Krajowy Rejestr Zadłużonych, gdzie z łatwością będzie można sprawdzić czy jakaś osoba pozostaje dłużnikiem.
• Wszystkie postępowania upadłościowe będą prowadzone w systemie teleinformatycznym, co znacznie przyspieszy postępowanie.

Niniejszy wpis został sporządzony z udziałem aplikantki adwokackiej Nikoliny Bajan